References by Chapter
5. Searching for a Solution
North Koreans vote in 'no-choice' parliamentary elections, Mar 10, 2019, BBC News, Asia. [return]
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47492747Communist Party congress: How China picks its leaders, Oct 7, 2017, BBC News, China. [return]
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41250273Democratic Dynasties? 4 Political Families Chosen by The People, Isa Nan, Oct 8, 2021, History of Yesterday. [return]
https://medium.com/history-of-yesterday/democratic-dynasties-4-political-families-chosen-by-the-people-90aa07765653Many in U.S., Western Europe Say Their Political System Needs Major Reform, by Richard Wike, Laura Silver, Shannon Schumacher, and Aidan Connaughton, Mar 31, 2020, Pew Research Center. [return]
https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/03/31/many-in-us-western-europe-say-their-political-system-needs-major-reform/Many see need for significant political, economic and health care reform, Oct 20, 2021, Pew Research Center. [return]
https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/10/21/citizens-in-advanced-economies-want-significant-changes-to-their-political-systems/pg_2021-10-21_democracy_0-01/In China, Kids Are Limited To Playing Video Games For Only 3 Hours Per Week, by Sharon Pruitt-Young, Aug 30, 2021, NPR – Technology KQED. [return]
https://www.npr.org/2021/08/30/1032489883/china-kids-video-games-limitsFederal Assembly (Switzerland), Wikipedia. [return]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)Ibid [return]
Introduction: Consensus Lost? Disenchanted Democracy in Switzerland, by Daniel Bochsler, Regula Hänggli, Silja Häusermann, Nov 19, 2015, Swiss Political Science Review, Wiley Online Library. [return]
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/spsr.12191 (requires copy and paste into a browser)Direct Democracy – The International IDEA Handbook, by Virginia Beramendi, Andrew Ellis, Bruno Kaufmann, Miriam Kornblith, Larry LeDuc, Paddy McGuire, Theo Schiller, and Palle Svensson, 2008, pg 12, International IDEA (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance). [return]
https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-the-international-idea-handbook_0.pdfIbid, entire document [return]
Ibid [return]
Participatory Budgeting: Spreading Across the Globe, by Brian Wampler, Stephanie McNulty, and Michael Touchton, Jan 2018, University of Miami, Boise State University, Franklin & Marshall College. [return]
https://www.transparency-initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/spreading-pb-across-the-globe_jan-2018.pdfA. Brexit, Wikipedia. [return]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit
B. 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Wikipedia. [return]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendumSwiss Political System: More than You ever Wanted to Know (I.), by Martin Sustrik, Jul 18, 2020, LESSWRONG. [return]
https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/x6hpkYyzMG6Bf8T3W/swiss-political-system-more-than-you-ever-wanted-to-know-iIntroduction: Consensus Lost?, [ref 8] [return]
Ibid [return]
A. Voter turnout in United States elections, Ballotpedia. [return]
https://ballotpedia.org/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_elections
B. In past elections, U.S. trailed most developed countries in voter turnout, by Drew Desilver, Nov 3, 2020, Pew Research Center. [return]
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/03/in-past-elections-u-s-trailed-most-developed-countries-in-voter-turnout/The chance to participate in politics is the key to happiness, by Claude Longchamp, political scientist, Mar 12, 2020 - 11:00, SWI swissinfo.ch. [return]
https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/directdemocracy/swiss-democracy-in-an-international-context_the-chance-to-participate-in-politics---the-key-to-happiness/45605094Endogenous Direct Democracy: The Case of Mexico, by Juve J. Cortés, Aug 13, 2020, SAGE Journals. [return] (requires copy and paste into a browser)
https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X20939233A. History of Initiative & Referendum in Oregon, Ballotpedia. [return]
https://ballotpedia.org/History_of_Initiative_%26_Referendum_in_Oregon
B. Direct Democracy – The International IDEA Handbook, pg 94-98 [ref 10] [return]Oregon 2022 ballot measures, Ballotpedia. [return]
https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_2022_ballot_measuresHistory of Initiative & Referendum in Oregon and Direct Democracy – The International IDEA Handbook [ref 21] [return]
Direct Democracy: Constructive People Power or Weapon of Mass Destruction?, by Janice Thomson, Involve EU Public Engagement Advisor, Dec 1, 2011, Involve EU. [return]
https://www.involve.org.uk/sites/default/files/uploads/Direct-Democracy-Constructive-or-Destructive-FINAL.pdfGrassroots Democracy in Venezuela, By Gabriel Hetland, Jan. 11, 2012, The Nation. [return]
https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/grassroots-democracy-venezuela/Ibid [return]
Ibid [return]
Ibid [return]
Humankind: A Hopeful History, by Rutger Bregman, Jun 2020, pg 301, Kindle Edition, Little, Brown and Company. [return]
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07XDNDSBG/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_d_asin_title_o00Ibid, pg 304 [return]
Grassroots Democracy in Venezuela, [ref 25] [return]
Taiwan’s Direct Democracy Experiment Stumbles at the Polls, By Nick Aspinwall, Dec 6, 2018, The Diplomat. [return]
https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/taiwans-direct-democracy-experiment-stumbles-at-the-polls/The simple but ingenious system Taiwan uses to crowdsource its laws, by Chris Horton, Aug 21, 2018, MIT Technology Review. [return]
https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/08/21/240284/the-simple-but-ingenious-system-taiwan-uses-to-crowdsource-its-laws/Online Participation in Public Policy in Taiwan, Taiwan National Development Council. [return]
https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzExL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xMjcwOS83M2E0OTI3YS04NWM3LTQ4NDctYmEzNi1kZThiMGI1NTEzZWIucGRm&n=am9pbiBwbGF0Zm9ybS5wZGY%3d&icon=..pdf
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